This paper reviews recent advances in 4D medical imaging (4DMI) and 4D radiation therapy
(4DRT), which study, characterize, and minimize patient motion during the processes of …

Purpose: To describe approaches to four-dimensional (4D) treatment planning, including
acquisition of 4D-CT scans, target delineation of spatio-temporal image data sets, 4D dose …

In the era of conformal therapy and intensity-modulated therapy, there is an increased desire
to raise tumor dose to facilitate improved survival and decrease normal tissue dose to …

We present treatment planning methods based on four-dimensional computed tomography
(4D-CT) to incorporate tumour motion using (1) a static field and (2) a dynamic field. Static …

The fusion of the fast growing fields of imaging science, imaging hardware, and
computational modeling, together with a broad interest in learning more about respiratory …

Respiratory motion can introduce significant errors in radiotherapy. Conventional CT scans
as commonly used for treatment planning can include severe motion artifacts that result from …

Three-dimensional (3D) image-based treatment planning and new delivery technologies
have spurred the implementation of external beam radiation therapy techniques, in which …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) radiotherapy is the explicit inclusion of the temporal
changes in anatomy during the imaging, planning and delivery of radiotherapy. Temporal …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) methods strive to achieve highly conformal radiotherapy,
particularly for lung and breast tumours, in the presence of respiratory-induced motion of …

Four‐dimensional (4D) radiotherapy is the explicit inclusion of the temporal changes in
anatomy during the imaging, planning, and delivery of radiotherapy. Temporal anatomic …