Diabetic patients suffer from a host of physiological abnormalities beyond just those of
glucose metabolism. These abnormalities often lead to systemic inflammation via …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults
around the world. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema …

Despite the existence of treatment for diabetes, inadequate metabolic control triggers the
appearance of chronic complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is …

Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one of the key players in diabetes-mediating
adverse effects to the neuronal and vascular components of the retina. Sustained …

Diabetic retinopathy, one of the most devastating complications of diabetes, is a
multifactorial progressing disease with a very complex etiology. Although many metabolic …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state.
Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus
(DM) causing vision impairment even at young ages. There are numerous mechanisms …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus
(DM) causing vision impairment even at young ages. There are numerous mechanisms …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults in United
States. Research indicates an association between oxidative stress and the development of …

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most serious microvascular complications induced by
hyperglycemia via five major pathways, including polyol, hexosamine, protein kinase C, and …