Several of the uremic toxins, which are difficult to remove by dialysis, originate from the gut
bacterial metabolism. This opens opportunities for novel targets trying to decrease …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by accumulation of protein-bound uremic
toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, p-cresyl glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid …

Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are bioactive microbiota metabolites originated
exclusively from protein fermentation of the bacterial community resident within the gut …

Numerous studies have indicated that the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is strictly associated with the accumulation of toxic …

The gut microbiota consists of trillions of microorganisms, fulfilling important roles in
metabolism, nutritional intake, physiology and maturation of the immune system, but also …

Regardless of the primary disease responsible for kidney failure, patients suffering from
chronic kidney disease (CKD) have in common multiple impairments of both the innate and …

A host of compounds are retained in the body of uremic patients, as a consequence of
progressive renal failure. Hundreds of compounds have been reported to be retention …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review addresses the contribution of the
altered gut microbiome to uraemic syndrome, with specific reference to gut microbiome …

In recent years, more scientific data have pointed out the close connection between
intestinal microbial community, nutritional habits, lifestyle, and the appearance of various …

Uremic metabolites, molecules either produced by the host or from the microbiota population
existing in the gastrointestinal tract that gets excreted by the kidneys into urine, have …