Spontaneous collective motion, as in some flocks of bird and schools of fish, is an example
of an emergent phenomenon. Such phenomena are at present of great interest,,,, and …

Cellular structures are established and maintained through a dynamic interplay between
assembly and regulatory processes. Self-organization of molecular components provides a …

Several enzyme complexes drive cellular movements by coupling free energy-liberating
chemical reactions to the production of mechanical work1–3. A key goal in the study of these …

Directional cell locomotion is displayed by many cell types both in vivo and in vitro 1. In
many instances, persistency and directionality are imposed by external stimuli such as …

Plant-cell expansion is controlled by cellulose microfibrils in the wall with microtubules
providing tracks for cellulose synthesizing enzymes. Microtubules can be reoriented …

The microtubule network is thought to be used for long-range transport of cellular
components in animal cells whereas the actinnetwork is proposed to be used for short-range …

DYNAMIC changes in microtubule (MT) length have long been thought to contribute to
intracellular motility1. Both the polymerization2 and depolymerization3–5 of tubulin have …

The study of cell locomotion is fundamental to such diverse processes as embryonic
development, wound healing and metastasis. Since microtubules play a role in establishing …

The cellular cytoskeleton is well studied in terms of its biological and physical properties,
making it an attractive subject for systems approaches. Here, we describe the experimental …

Microtubules are highly dynamic protein polymers that form a crucial part of the cytoskeleton
in all eukaryotic cells. Although microtubules are known to self-assemble from tubulin …