Membrane distillation (MD) technology has been mainly used as a treatment method for
saline or contaminated wastewater. Despite the rapid progress in material engineering and …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a membrane-based thermal desalination process capable of
treating hypersaline brines. Standard MD systems rely on preheating the feed to drive the …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising alternative approach for desalination, especially
for high-salinity brines. Its application has been limited by its high operational cost because …

Membrane distillation (MD) lags behind other desalination processes such as reverse
osmosis due to relatively high energy consumption. Heating in membrane distillation forms a …

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a thermally-driven separation process, in which only vapour
molecules transfer through a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The driving force in the …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising technology for treating saline water and
wastewater with high rejection factors, which cannot be accomplished by conventional …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a developing membrane separation technology for water
treatment that involves a vapor transport driven by the vapor pressure gradient across the …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a hybrid of thermal and membrane processes that utilizes a
hydrophobic membrane to separate volatile solutes from feed solution at fairly high …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising technology due to its ability to function using low
temperature differences and low-quality heat sources, thus allowing it to operate on solar or …

Energy-efficient desalination and water treatment technologies play a critical role in
augmenting freshwater resources without placing an excessive strain on limited energy …