In the present review, we stress the importance of the purine nucleosides, adenosine and
guanosine, in protecting the nervous system, both centrally and peripherally, via activation of …

Like adenine‐based purines, extracellular nonadenine‐based purines have a multitude of
trophic effects on the growth, differentiation, and survival of target cells. The nonadenine …

Guanosine is a purine nucleoside thought to have neuroprotective properties. It is released
in the brain under physiological conditions and even more during pathological events …

Guanine-based purines have been traditionally studied as modulators of intracellular
processes, mainly G-protein activity. However, they also exert several extracellular effects …

This article reviews the effects of extracellular purine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides as
intracellular signaling molecules with trophic effects on cells after insults to the brain and …

Brain injury generates the release of a multitude of factors including extracellular
nucleotides, which exhibit bi-functional properties and contribute to both detrimental actions …

In addition to their well known roles within cells, purine nucleotides such as adenosine 5′
triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine 5′ triphosphate (GTP), nucleosides such as adenosine …

In addition to their well-established roles as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators,
growing evidence suggests that nucleotides and nucleosides might also act as trophic …

Extracellular purine nucleosides and nucleotides are ubiquitous, phylogenetically ancient,
intercellular signals. Purines are released from hypoxic, damaged or dying cells. Purine …

In the last decades, the discovery that glial cells do not only fill in the empty space among
neurons or furnish them with trophic support but are rather essential participants to the …