Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV is being scaled up rapidly in resource-limited countries.
Treatment options are simplified and standardized, generally with one potent first-line …

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that> 2 million people will have started
antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the end of 2006. As the development of some HIV drug …

Nationally representative surveillance of pre-treatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) in
populations initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical to inform the selection of effective …

TDR is on the rise after the recent scale-up of ART in Africa. To prevent the development and
spread of drug resistance and sustain the effectiveness of ART programmes, there is a need …

Abstract The European HIV Drug Resistance Guidelines Panel, established to make
recommendations to clinicians and virologists, felt that sufficient new information has …

After 15 years of global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART), rising prevalence of HIV
drug resistance in many low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) poses a growing …

Background Contemporary antiretroviral therapies (ART) and management strategies have
diminished both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment failure and the acquired …

A substantial number of studies have been performed across the world to determine
transmitted drug resistance. Large variations between different parts of the world can be …

Background The emergence and spread of high levels of HIV-1 drug resistance in resource-
limited settings where combination antiretroviral treatment has been scaled up could …

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) threshold
survey method was developed for surveillance of transmitted HIVDR in resource-limited …