Abstract Intracellular [Na+]([Na+] i) is regulated in cardiac myocytes by a balance of Na+
influx and efflux mechanisms. In the normal cell there is a large steady state electrochemical …

In the heart, intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+] i) is a key modulator of Ca 2+ cycling,
contractility and cardiac myocyte metabolism. Several Na+ transporters are electrogenic …

Ca 2+ is a central player in the excitation-contraction coupling of cardiac myocytes, the
process that enables the heart to contract and relax. Mishandling of Ca 2+ is a central cause …

Intracellular [Na+]([Na+] i) is centrally involved in regulation of cardiac Ca2+ and contractility
via Na+‐Ca2+ exchange (NCX) and Na+‐H+ exchange (NHX). Previous work has indicated …

Sodium–calcium exchange (NCX) is the major calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism of ventricular
cardiomyocytes. Consequently the exchanger plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular …

Proper contractile function of the heart depends on intact excitation–contraction processes
and ion homeostasis of the myocytes. The Ca2+ ion activates contraction through its binding …

This paper is the third in a series of reviews published in this issue resulting from the
University of California Davis Cardiovascular Symposium 2014: Systems approach to …

The excitation–contraction coupling (EC-coupling) links membrane depolarization with
contraction in cardiomyocytes. Ca 2+ induced opening of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) leads …

Background—Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+] i) modulates cardiac contractile and
electrical activity through Na/Ca exchange (NCX). Upregulation of NCX in heart failure (HF) …

Net Ca2+ flux across the inner membrane of respiring heart mitochondria was evaluated
under conditions in which virtually all Ca2+ movement can be attributed to the Na+/Ca2+ …