Natural materials possess many distinctive “living” attributes, such as self-growth, self-
healing, environmental responsiveness, and evolvability, that are beyond the reach of many …

Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of
materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter …

Engineered living materials (ELMs) have drawn intense interest from both academia and
industry in recent years. The essence of ELMs is the use of living cells to produce molecular …

Stimuli-responsive materials are able to undergo controllable changes in materials
properties in response to external cues. Increasing efforts have been directed towards …

Natural biological materials exhibit remarkable properties: self-assembly from simple raw
materials, precise control of morphology, diverse physical and chemical properties, self …

Natural materials, such as bone, integrate living cells composed of organic molecules
together with inorganic components. This enables combinations of functionalities, such as …

Biomaterials made by living systems, while very diverse, generally share similar
organization: different lineages of cells are precisely patterned within a matrix to create a …

Engineering or mimicking living materials found in nature has the potential to transform the
use of materials. Unlike classic synthetic materials which are typically optimized for static …

At the intersection of synthetic biology and materials science, engineered living materials
(ELMs) exhibit unprecedented potential. Possessing unique “living” attributes, ELMs …

Synthetic biology applies genetic tools to engineer living cells and organisms analogous to
the programming of machines. In materials synthetic biology, engineering principles from …