A whole organism, network approach can help explain the adaptive purpose of stress-
induced changes in immune function. In insects, mediators of the stress response (eg stress …

Intense, short-term stress (ie, robust activation of the fight-or-flight response) typically
produces a transient decline in resistance to disease in animals across phyla. Chemical …

The classic biomedical view is that stress hormone effects on the immune system are largely
pathological, especially if the stress is chronic. However, more recent interpretations have …

Insect immune systems are dynamic. Their response to infection is altered by both internal
and external conditions (Stoks et al., 2006; Adamo, 2008a, 2008b). This plasticity exists …

Insects are among the planet's most successful animals. They exist in almost all ecosystems
and are therefore exposed to a variety of threats, including extreme weather and climate …

When animals are faced with a life-threatening challenge, they mount an organism-wide
response (ie Plan A). For example, both the stress response (ie fight-or-flight) and the …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects …

An insect's ability to endure and recover from stress is dependent on the suite of behavioral,
biochemical, molecular and physiological mechanisms at its disposal when conditions …

Organisms have constant contact with potentially harmful agents that can compromise their
fitness. However, most of the times these agents fail to cause serious disease by virtue of the …

Insects, like other animals, have evolved defense responses to protect against predators,
pathogens, and poisons (ie, toxins). This paper provides evidence that these three defense …