Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, in which the concept of time is integrated with
three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the fourth dimension, has currently emerged as the …

The advent of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has enabled impressive progress in the
development of 3D cellular constructs to mimic the structural and functional characteristics of …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

Abstract 3D printing (3DP) processes have evolved from simple prototyping for visual
inspection purposes to functional product manufacturing that offers flexibility, customization …

In the era of personalised medicine, novel therapeutic approaches raise increasing hopes to
address currently unmet medical needs by developing patient-customised treatments. Three …

Over the past decade, 3D bioprinting technology has progressed tremendously in the field of
tissue engineering in its ability to fabricate individualized biological constructs with precise …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing (rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing)
technologies have received significant attention in various fields over the past several …

The repair of severe bone defects is still a formidable clinical challenge, requiring the
implantation of bone grafts or bone substitute materials. The development of three …

Tissue reconstruction requires the utilization of multiple biomaterials and cell types to
replicate the delicate and complex structure of native tissues. Various three-dimensional …

Abstract 4D bioprinting has emerged as a powerful technique where the fourth dimension
“time” is incorporated with 3D bioprinting. In this technique, the printed bioconstructs are …