The popular dual definition of lichen symbiosis is under question with recent findings of
additional microbial partners living within the lichen body. Here we compare the distribution …

Lichens have traditionally been considered the symbiotic phenotype from the interactions of
a single fungal partner and one or few photosynthetic partners. However, lichen symbioses …

Lichens are well-known examples of complex symbiotic associations between organisms
from different Kingdoms. Microfungi in particular, establish diverse associations with the …

Premise Lichens are fungi that enter into obligate symbioses with photosynthesizing
organisms (algae, cyanobacteria). Traditional narratives of lichens as binary symbiont pairs …

The investigation of fungal–bacterial interactions is an emerging field of research applying
tools of modern microbial ecology. Studies have previously focused on the …

Lichens are an iconic example of symbiotic systems whose ecology is shaped by the
requirements of the symbionts. Previous studies suggest that fungal (mycobionts) as well as …

Ever since lichens were first recognized as partnerships in the 1860s, there have been
debates as how to interpret the interactions in these associations, including algal slavery by …

Lichen symbioses develop long-living thallus structures even in the harshest environments
on Earth. These structures are also habitats for many other microscopic organisms, including …

Lichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi (primary and
secondary mycobionts), algae and/or cyanobacteria (primary and secondary photobionts) …

Lichens are obligate symbioses between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria. Most
lichens resynthesize their symbiotic thalli from propagules, but some develop within the …