The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain,
and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other …

There is a growing worldwide epidemic of obesity. Obese people have a higher incidence of
type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and hence present increasing social, financial …

The hypothalamus is a center of food intake and energy metabolism regulation. Information
signals from peripheral organs are mediated through the circulation or the vagal afferent …

In recent years, knowledge about hormonal feedback from the gastrointestinal tract and
adipose tissue has increased tremendously. Peptide hormones modulating hunger have …

Peptide hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract communicate information about
the current state of energy balance to the brain. These hormones regulate appetite and …

Despite substantial fluctuations in daily food intake, animals maintain a remarkably stable
body weight, because overall caloric ingestion and expenditure are exquisitely matched …

The signaling systems underlying eating behavior control are complex. The current review
focuses on gastrointestinal (GI) signaling systems as physiological key functions for …

Obesity is important in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes, and presents a major barrier to its
successful prevention and management. Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds …

The feelings of appetite and satiety involve complex interactions between hormones from
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the hypothalamus and subsequent feedback. Within the …

Numerous circulating peptides and steroids produced in the body influence appetite through
their actions on the hypothalamus, the brain stem, and the autonomic nervous system …