Plants confront multifarious environmental stresses widely divided into abiotic and biotic
stresses, of which heavy metal stress represents one of the most damaging abiotic stresses …

In nature, heavy metal (HM) stress is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses for plants.
Heavy metals produce toxicity by targeting key molecules and important processes in plant …

Plants are exposed to various environmental challenges throughout their lifecycle that
adversely affect their growth and development. Heavy metal toxicity reduces plant …

Plants are sessile in nature, but are capable to evade from high level concentration of heavy
metals like Cd, Hg, Cu, through various metabolic pathways. Some of the pathways regulate …

The presence of different forms of heavy metals in the earth crust is very primitive and
probably associated with the origin of plant life. However, since the beginning of human …

Metals like zinc, iron and copper are essential micronutrients required for a wide range of
physiological processes in all plant organs for the activities of various metal-dependent …

Exposure of plants to toxic concentrations of metals leads to disruption of the cellular redox
status followed by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, like hydrogen …

Heavy metals are naturally occurring in the earth's crust but anthropogenic and industrial
activities have led to drastic environmental pollutions in distinct areas. Plants are able to …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

When plants are subjected to high metal exposure, different plant species take different
strategies in response to metal-induced stress. Largely, plants can be distinguished in four …