In HIV patients, antiretroviral medications trigger metabolic abnormalities, including insulin
resistance. In addition, the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), which is …

There are numerous types of pathological changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-
associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), including apoptosis of neurons. HIV-1 …

Human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-I) infection and associated diseases continue to
represent major health problem worldwide. FOXO transcriptional factors play an important …

HIV-1 infection of the brain causes the neurodegenerative syndrome HIV-associated
neurocognitive disorders (HAND), for which there is no specific treatment. Herein, we …

The PI3K-Akt-FoxO1 pathway contributes to the actions of insulin and leptin in several cell
types, including neurons in the CNS. However, identifying these actions in chemically …

Background: With almost 47 million individuals worldwide suffering from some aspect of
dementia, it is clear that cognitive loss impacts a significant proportion of the global …

Microglia of the central nervous system have a dual role in the ability to influence the
survival of neighboring cells. During inflammatory cell activation, microglia can lead to the …

FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN O1 (FoxO1), a transcription factor with diverse functions that
plays critical roles in development, metabolism, and cell survival, has garnered scientific …

FOXO 3a is member of the Forkhead box class O transcription factors, which functions in
diverse pathways to regulate cellular metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. FOXO 3a …

Cognitive impairment (COI) is a prevalent complication across a spectrum of brain disorders,
underpinned by intricate mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. Neurons, the principal cell …