Withdrawal from opiates, such as heroin or oral narcotics, is characterized by a host of
aversive physical and emotional symptoms. High rates of relapse and limited treatment …

Cannabinoids produce a variety of pharmacological effects very similar to those elicited by
opioids. Direct and indirect interactions with opioid system have been proposed to explain …

The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by
endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins). The endogenous …

Among several pharmacological properties, analgesia is the most common feature shared
by either opioid or cannabinoid systems. Cannabinoids and opioids are distinct drug classes …

Although the first studies regarding the endogenous opioid system and addiction were
published during the 1940s, addiction and cannabinoids were not addressed until the …

Promising therapeutic uses and a great variety of pharmacological effects are the leading
forces that focus actual cannabinoid research. Cannabinoid and opioid systems share …

The present study was designed to explore the relationship between the cannabinoid and
opioid receptors in animal models of opioid-induced reinforcement. The acute administration …

Recently, the presence of functional interaction between the opioid and cannabinoid system
has been shown in various pharmacological responses. Although there is an increasing …

There is currently substantial evidence that Cannabis sativa derivates act on brain reward in
a way very similar to other drugs of abuse and exert numerous pharmacological effects …

Cannabinoids and opioids have been shown to possess several similar pharmacological
effects, including analgesia and stimulation of brain circuitry that are believed to underlie …