Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions

DA Todd, JJ Kellogg, ED Wallace, M Khin… - Scientific reports, 2020 - nature.com
The safety and efficacy of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) for treatment of pain is highly
controversial. Kratom produces more than 40 structurally related alkaloids, but most studies …

Metabolism of a kratom alkaloid metabolite in human plasma increases its opioid potency and efficacy

SH Kamble, F León, TI King, EC Berthold… - ACS pharmacology & …, 2020 - ACS Publications
Kratom is widely consumed in the United States for self-treatment of pain and opioid
withdrawal symptoms. Mitragynine is the most abundant alkaloid in kratom and is a μ-opioid …

7-Hydroxymitragynine is an active metabolite of mitragynine and a key mediator of its analgesic effects

AC Kruegel, R Uprety, SG Grinnell… - ACS central …, 2019 - ACS Publications
Mitragyna speciosa, more commonly known as kratom, is a plant native to Southeast Asia,
the leaves of which have been used traditionally as a stimulant, analgesic, and treatment for …

Clinical Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a Botanical Product with Opioid-like Effects, in Healthy Adult Participants

RS Tanna, JT Nguyen, DL Hadi, PK Manwill… - Pharmaceutics, 2022 - mdpi.com
Increasing use of the botanical kratom to self-manage opioid withdrawal and pain has led to
increased kratom-linked overdose deaths. Despite these serious safety concerns, rigorous …

The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse

AC Kruegel, O Grundmann - Neuropharmacology, 2018 - Elsevier
The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (commonly known as kratom), a tree endogenous to parts
of Southeast Asia, have been used traditionally for their stimulant, mood-elevating, and …

Update on the pharmacology and legal status of kratom

WC Prozialeck - Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 2016 - degruyter.com
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its leaves and the teas
brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to stave off fatigue and to …

[HTML][HTML] Understanding kratom use: a guide for healthcare providers

MT Swogger, KE Smith, A Garcia-Romeu… - Frontiers in …, 2022 - frontiersin.org
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) is a plant native to Southeast Asia, where it
has been used for centuries as a mild stimulant and as medicine for various ailments. More …

Oxidative metabolism as a modulator of kratom's biological actions

S Chakraborty, R Uprety, ST Slocum, T Irie… - Journal of medicinal …, 2021 - ACS Publications
The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a plant native to Southeast Asia, are increasingly
used as a pain reliever and for attenuation of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Using the tools of …

Pharmacokinetics of eleven kratom alkaloids following an oral dose of either traditional or commercial kratom products in rats

SH Kamble, EC Berthold, TI King… - Journal of natural …, 2021 - ACS Publications
Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa Korth., is being widely consumed in the United States for pain
management and the reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system …

Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects

WC Prozialeck, JK Jivan, SV Andurkar - Journal of Osteopathic …, 2012 - degruyter.com
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Thailand and Southeast Asia. Kratom
leaves produce complex stimulant and opioid-like analgesic effects. In Asia, kratom has …