Aims Macrophages, as an important member of immune system, engulf and digest
pathogens in innate immunity and help initiate adaptive immunity. However, macrophages …

Physiological stressors such as sepsis and tissue damage initiate an acute immune
response and cause transient systemic insulin resistance. This study was conducted to …

Insulin resistance is a crucial factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
and other metabolic disorders. Skeletal muscle, the body's largest insulin-responsive tissue …

Introduction Obesity-related insulin resistance is a widely accepted pathophysiological
feature in type 2 diabetes. Systemic metabolism and immunity are closely related, and …

Objectives The current global rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes are staggering. In order to
implement effective management strategies, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms …

OBJECTIVE—Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to systemic low-grade inflammation and
insulin resistance. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α impedes insulin signaling in insulin target …

Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), which accompanied by
lipid accumulation and TNF-α overexpression in skeletal muscle. The role of TNF-α in …

Obesity is associated with skeletal muscle loss and impaired myogenesis. Increased
infiltration of proinflammatory macrophages in skeletal muscle is noted in obesity and is …

Aims Inflammation induced by hyperglycemia triggers the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway
into cells. Our hypothesis was that metformin treatment attenuates the TLR signaling …

Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and development of insulin resistance are
characterized by multi‐stimuli factors notably glucolipotoxicity, generation of reactive oxygen …