Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the central
nervous system. Our recent preclinical work has suggested that PD-1/PD-L1 plays an …

Blockade of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed‐cell‐death‐protein‐1 (PD‐1)
yielded promising results in several cancers. To understand the therapeutic potential in …

Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate regression of
metastatic melanoma; however, TILs are a heterogeneous population, and there are no …

Background: PD-1 plays a critical part in control of immune response to malignancy. Anti-PD-
1 treatment is a hopeful strategy to improve the dismal prognosis of gliomas. To characterize …

Background Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells is known to promote
immune escape of cancer by interacting with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) in tumor …

The prognosis of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) remains poor, although immunotherapies
with anti-GD2 antibodies have been reported to provide some benefit. Immunotherapies can …

Glioma is the most common type of primary brain tumors. After standard treatment regimen
(surgical section, radiotherapy and chemotherapy), the average survival time remains …

Purpose: Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy has demonstrated
inconsistent therapeutic results in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) including those with …

In the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), tumor cells interact with various cells and
operate various strategies to avoid antitumor immune responses. These immune escape …

T cell exhaustion occurs during chronic infection and cancers. Programmed cell death
protein-1 (PD-1) is a major inhibitory checkpoint receptor involved in T cell exhaustion …