Opioids are the prototypical analgesics, antitussives, and antidiarrheal drug class. The
opioid receptor system or opioid effects have been identified in numerous animal species …

Opioid analgesics have provided the most consistent and effective analgesia for many years
and are still the best drugs available for pain control in small animals. There are at least …

Opioid analgesic drugs Page 318 CHAPTER 12 OPIOID ANALGESIC DRUGS BUTCH
KUKANICH AND MARK G. PAPICH Introduction Background on Opioids Opioid Role in …

Increasingly potent opioid agonists have been developed for use in zoological medicine
during the last 30 yr. Most applications are in mammals, particularly ungulates. Several …

The relative analgesic potency of 11 opkd agents was assessed by ung the acec add test in
amphibians. Systemic administra-tion of the mu agonists, fentan1, levorphanol, methadone …

Opioids are the cornerstone for the treatment of acute pain in small animal patients. This is
primarily because of their remarkable safety profile, high efficacy, and benefit of reversibility …

This article should help the veterinarian to assess pain in small mammals and birds. The
focus is on a multimodal approach to anesthesia and analgesia using opioids, nonsteroidal …

Analgesics are often not provided to amphibians because the presence and severity of pain
may not be recognized in these animals. In addition, there is little information on the …

Invertebrates are an expansive and diverse group of animals that have had little attention
regarding anesthesia and analgesia. Economic use, environmental awareness, laboratory …

Veterinary anesthesia continues to evolve as a science and specialty within the veterinary
profession. The major drivers of change are advances in medical technology and …