Angiogenesis, the biological process of new vessel growth from already existing
vasculature, occurs physiologically and pathologically. Previous studies have linked …

Sustained activation of adenylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) results in
the activation of a series of complex regulatory systems designed to desensitize these cells …

During the development of atherosclerosis, contractile vascular smooth muscle cells
(VSMCs) change to cells capable of migrating and proliferating to mediate repair, where the …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes whose
physiological role is the attenuation of the signaling mediated by the ubiquitous second …

Angiogenesis, the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vascular structures, can
contribute adaptively or maladaptively to a myriad of conditions, including ischemic heart …

Pathological vascular remodeling is a hallmark of most vascular disorders such as
atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, allograft vasculopathy, and pulmonary …

Inhibiting the maladaptive migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in injured
blood vessels can help to reduce the development of intimal lesions in vascular diseases …

Pathological vascular remodeling is a dynamic process of structural and functional changes
in the vessel wall. It is associated with the top leading causes of death in the world. Intimal …

Angiogenesis is necessary during embryonic development and wound healing but can be
detrimental in pathologies, including cancer. Because initiation of angiogenesis involves …

Background and Purpose Up‐regulation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is associated with
several vascular diseases, and better understanding of the roles of each PDE isoform in …