Ecosystems are strongly influenced by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including a wide
range of chemicals and their mixtures. Studies on the effects of multiple stressors have …

Background Toxicants often occur simultaneously. Some combinations show synergistic
combined effects that go far beyond what is predicted with current effect models. Up until …

Ecotoxicology assesses the fate of contaminants in the environment and contaminant effects
on constituents of the biosphere. With respect to effects assessment, current ecotoxicology …

Ecotoxiclogical risk from multiple stressors covers any situation where org-isms are exposed
to a combination of environmental stressors. These include physical and chemical pollutants …

All people are exposed to complex and dynamic mixtures of chemicals and nonchemical
stressors throughout their lives. Understanding how these combined exposures impact …

The advent of new genomic techniques has raised expectations that central questions of
mixture toxicology such as for mechanisms of low dose interactions can now be answered …

Global environmental change is driven by multiple anthropogenic stressors. Conservation
and restoration require understanding the individual and joint action of these stressors to …

Protection of ecosystem services is increasingly emphasized as a risk‐assessment goal, but
there are wide gaps between current ecological risk‐assessment endpoints and potential …

Environmental mixtures of chemicals constitute a prevalent issue in ecotoxicology and the
development of new methods to reduce the uncertainties associated with their ecological …

Ecological communities face a variety of environmental and anthropogenic stressors acting
simultaneously. Stressor impacts can combine additively or can interact, causing synergistic …