Antipredator defenses and warning signals typically evolve in concert. However, the
extensive variation across taxa in both these components of predator deterrence and the …

Many animals advertise their chemical defense to predators with conspicuous coloration
and unpalatability, but little is known about the information in these signal elements. To …

Natural selection is widely noted to drive divergence of phenotypic traits. Predation pressure
can facilitate morphological divergence, for example the evolution of both cryptic and …

Poison dart frogs provide classic examples of warning signals: potent toxins signaled by
distinctive, conspicuous coloration. We show that, counterintuitively, the bright yellow and …

Though theory predicts consistency of warning signals in aposematic species to facilitate
predator learning, variation in these signals often occurs in nature. The strawberry poison …

Prevailing theory contends that aposematic coloration evolves in tandem with toxicity so that
the evolution of increased toxicity will accompany the evolution of greater conspicuousness …

Conspicuous coloration is often used in combination with chemical defenses to deter
predators from attacking. Experimental studies have shown that the avoidance inducing …

Aposematic signals may be subject to conflicting selective pressures from predators and
conspecifics. We studied female preferences for different components of aposematic …

Poison frogs in the anuran family Dendrobatidae use bright colors on their bodies to
advertise toxicity. The species Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt 1858, the strawberry poison …

It is commonly assumed that natural selection imposed by predators is the prevailing force
driving the evolution of aposematic traits. Here, we demonstrate that aposematic signals are …