Purpose The causes and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying abdominal aortic aneurysms
(AAAs) and pseudoaneurysms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that inhibiting …

Neointimal hyperplasia remains an obstacle after vascular interventions. Programmed death‐
1 (PD‐1) antibody treatment decreases tumor cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory …

Venous neointimal hyperplasia can be a problem after vein interventions. We hypothesized
that inhibiting programmed death-1 (PD-1) can decrease venous neointimal hyperplasia in a …

Summary Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands have been shown to play a
significant role in evasion of malignant tumour cells from the immune system. Last year, the …

Aims Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the number of diseases associated with a
prominent inflammatory cell infiltration, matrix protein degradation, and smooth muscle cell …

Immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) able to block
programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 axis represents a promising treatment for cancer …

Immune checkpoint molecules are the antigen-independent generator of secondary signals
that aid in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The programmed death …

Objective: Patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis for survival.
Although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis …

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an enlargement of the aorta greater than 50% in
diameter. Although up to 80% of cases result in mortality if the aneurysm ruptures, patients …

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is a treatment option of various metastatic cancer
diseases including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Approved antibody drugs target the co …