Cancer is a disease which frequently has a poor prognosis. Although multiple therapeutic
strategies have been developed for various cancers, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy …

Innate resistance to various therapeutic interventions is a hallmark of cancer. In recent years,
however, acquired resistance has emerged as a daunting challenge to anticancer …

Drug resistance is of great concern in cancer treatment because most effective drugs are
limited by the development of resistance following some periods of therapeutic …

Cancer cells undergo unlimited progression and survival owing to activation of oncogenes.
However, support of the tumor microenvironment is essential to the formation of clinically …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only plays a pivotal role during cancer progression
and metastasis but also has profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. In the case of …

Tumor heterogeneity is one of the hallmarks of cancer and a challenge in the field of
oncology. Tumor heterogeneity is the main cause of drug resistance, leading to therapeutic …

In the last several years, our appreciation of intra-tumoral heterogeneity has greatly
increased due to accumulating evidence for the co-existence of genetically and …

Chemotherapy and targeted therapy have opened new avenues in clinical oncology.
However, there is a lack of response in a substantial percentage of cancer patients and …

The emergence of clinical drug resistance is still one of the most challenging factors in
cancer treatment effectiveness. Until more recently, the assumption has been that random …

Over the last decade, important clinical benefits have been achieved in cancer patients by
using drug-targeting strategies. Nevertheless, drug resistance is still a major problem in …