Results of studies to determine whether women who smoke during early pregnancy are at
increased risk of delivering infants with orofacial clefts have been mixed, and recently a …

Abstract Studies in the United States have indicated that maternal first trimester smoking and
infant transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) locus mutations are associated with non …

Objective: Infants born in Maryland between June 1992 and June 1996 were used in a case-
control study of nonsyndromic oral clefts to test for effects of maternal smoking and a …

In this study of infants with isolated birth defects, 69 cleft palate only cases, 114 cleft lip with
or without cleft palate cases, and 284 controls with noncleft birth defects (all born in …

• To investigate the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking and the risk of oral
clefts in offspring, we examined data from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study …

Analyses of 1984 data from the Maryland Birth Defects Reporting and Information System
indicate that mothers of infants with oral clefts (cleft lip with or without cleft palate; and cleft …

The results of previous epidemiologic research on the possible association between
maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts in offspring have been …

Studies on maternal smoking in relation to oral cleft defects have yielded inconsistent
findings, with results ranging from no association to sixfold increases in risk. The authors …

Markers in five candidate genes were examined on 269 case‐parent trios ascertained
through a child with an isolated, non‐syndromic oral cleft (cleft lip, CL; cleft palate, CP; or …

Objective We previously demonstrated a strong association between periconceptional
maternal cigarette smoking, infant transforming growth factor–alpha (TGFa) genotype, and …