Chromium has two main valence states: hexavalent chromium (Cr [VI]) and trivalent
chromium (Cr [III]). Cr (VI), a well-established human carcinogen, can enter cells by way of a …

Certain forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] are known respiratory carcinogens that
induce a broad spectrum of DNA damage. Cr (VI)-carcinogenesis may be initiated or …

Chromium is a pervasive environmental contaminant that is of great importance because of
its toxicity. Hexavalent chromium is a classified group 1 carcinogen with multiple complex …

The adverse health effects linked with chromium (Cr) exposure, the role of solubility and
chemical speciation of Cr compounds, and the diverse cellular and molecular effects of Cr …

With regards to health, chromium (Cr) is an ambiguous chemical element. Although it is
considered to be an important micronutrient, it also is connected with several pathologies …

Ten years have elapsed since the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
evaluated the carcinogenicity of chromium and chromium compounds. Further studies …

Chromium, like many transition metal elements, is essential to life at low concentrations yet
toxic to many systems at higher concentrations. In addition to the overt symptoms of acute …

Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI))-containing compounds are recognized occupational
human lung carcinogens and may pose an environmental health risk. The carcinogenicity of …

The carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds is explained in terms of the “uptake-
reduction” model. According to this model, chromium (VI) enters cells as the anionic …

The growing use of heavy metals in most industrial activities has led to it being considered
as the most important environmental pollutant that may cause harm and toxicity to animals …