Over the past decade, our view of human-associated microbes has expanded beyond that of
a few species toward an appreciation of the diverse and niche-specialized microbial …

The distal gut harbours∼ 1013 bacteria, representing the most densely populated
ecosystem known. The functional diversity expressed by these communities is enormous …

The advent of vaccination and improved hygiene have eliminated many of the deadly
infectious pathogens in developed nations. However, the incidences of inflammatory …

The community of microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, referred to as the
gut microbiota, influences host physiology and immunity. The last decade of microbiome …

Most, if not all, animals coexist with a complement of prokaryotic symbionts that confer a
variety of physiologic benefits. In humans, the interaction between animal and bacterial cells …

Humans have coevolved with their microbes over thousands of years, but this relationship, is
now being dramatically affected by shifts in the collective human microbiome resulting from …

The gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of health and, when disrupted, may drive
gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal disease. This can occur through direct pathways …

Our understanding of the human gut microbiome continues to evolve at a rapid pace, but
practical application of thisknowledge is still in its infancy. This review discusses the type of …

Tremendous advances have been made in mapping the complexity of the human gut
microbiota in both health and disease states. These analyses have revealed that, rather than …

The human gut microbiota has been the interest of extensive research in recent years and
our knowledge on using the potential capacity of these microbes are growing rapidly …