The external globus pallidus (GPe) coordinates action-selection through GABAergic
projections throughout the basal ganglia. GPe arkypallidal (arky) neurons project exclusively …

An imbalance in goal-directed and habitual behavioral control is a hallmark of decision-
making–related disorders, including addiction. Although external globus pallidus (GPe) is …

Reinforcement learning models treat the basal ganglia (BG) as an actor–critic network. The
ventral pallidum (VP) is a major component of the BG limbic system. However, its precise …

The ventral pallidum is centrally positioned within mesocorticolimbic reward circuits, and its
dense projection to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) regulates neuronal activity there …

Basal ganglia (BG) circuits help guide and invigorate actions using predictions of future
rewards (values). Within the BG, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) may play an …

Pursuing rewards while avoiding danger is an essential function of any nervous system.
Here, we examine a new mechanism helping rats negotiate the balance between risk and …

The ventral pallidum (VP) is critical for invigorating reward seeking and is also involved in
punishment avoidance, but how it contributes to such opposing behavioral actions remains …

The ventral striatopallidal system, a basal ganglia network thought to convert limbic
information into behavioral action, includes the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral …

Compulsive behavior is a defining feature of disorders such as substance use disorders.
Current evidence suggests that corticostriatal circuits control the expression of established …

The basal ganglia (BG) network has been divided into interacting actor and critic
components, modulating the probabilities of different state–action combinations through …