Efferent activity in the vagus nerve can prevent endotoxin-induced shock by attenuating
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis. Termed the “cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway,” …

Vertebrates achieve internal homeostasis during infection or injury by balancing the
activities of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Endotoxin …

The excessive release of cytokines by the immune system contributes importantly to the
pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Recent advances in understanding the biology of …

The innate immune system is activated by infection and injury to release pro-inflammatory
cytokines, which activate macrophages and neutrophils and modulate specific cellular …

CNI-1493 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which deactivates macrophages and inhibits
the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The objective of the present study was to identify …

TNF has a critical mediator role in inflammation and is an important therapeutic target. We
recently discovered that TNF production is regulated by neural signals through the vagus …

To investigate the effects of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on hemodynamics,
blood biochemistry, the plasma TNF-α level, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation …

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis through its sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions. During infection, cells of the immune system release cytokines …

The cholinergic nervous system controls inflammation by inhibiting the release of
proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α from lipopolysaccharide …

The overproduction of TNF and other cytokines is associated with the pathophysiology of
numerous diseases. Controlling cytokine synthesis and release is critical for preventing …