The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between calcium (Ca) and
magnesium (Mg) in underground water (UGW), bottled mineral water (BMW), and domestic …

Health risk caused by the exposure to trace metals in water through different exposure
pathways was investigated. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used for …

Background: Various sources of drinking water, with varying levels of total hardness, and
calcium and magnesium concentrations, are used by populations in different regions. The …

Minerals content in drinking water are essential for human health. Hence, this cross
sectional study aims to determine the concentration of minerals in tap water and bore water …

Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a complex disease. Besides the high risk of recurrence, its
association with systemic disorders contributes to the burden of disease. Sufficient water …

The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated
in drinking water sources (surface and groundwater) collected from Swat valley, Khyber …

Can calcium and magnesium (" hardness") in drinking water contribute to preventing
disease? This book documents the outputs of an unprecedented group of experts …

The present study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics in
drinking water of Mardan District, Pakistan. Furthermore, water quality was evaluated for the …

Water pollution is a major threat to public health worldwide. The health risks of ingesting
trace elements in drinking water were assessed in the provinces of Punjab and Khyber …

Purpose The combined interaction of epidemiology, environmental exposure, dietary habits,
and genetic factors causes kidney stone disease (KSD), a common public health problem …