Abstract Purpose of Review This review focuses on the concentration of cortisol in human
hair as a biomarker of chronic stress in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We outline the …

Background: Stress is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease.
The impact of chronic stress on cardiovascular risk has been studied by measuring cortisol …

Cortisol measurements in blood, saliva and urine are frequently used to examine the
hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in clinical practice and in research. However …

Context: Although exposure to supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids is known to
contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), the importance of …

Long term stress exposure is typical for modern societies and might trigger different
diseases. This case–control study reveals that persons who had suffered an acute …

The detrimental effects of stress on human health are being increasingly recognized. There
is a critical need for the establishment of a biomarker that accurately measures its intensity …

The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure
long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in …

Assessment of cortisol concentrations in hair is one of the latest innovations for measuring
long-term cortisol exposure. We performed a systematic review of correlates of cortisol in …

Objective In obese subjects a relatively high cortisol output in urine has been observed
compared to nonobese individuals. However, cortisol levels in blood, saliva, and urine in …

The deleterious effects of chronic stress on health and its contribution to the development of
mental illness attract broad attention worldwide. An important development in the last few …