In many vertebrate species, sex is determined at fertilization of zygotes by sex chromosome
composition, knows as genotypic sex determination (GSD). But in some species—fish …

Vertebrates have various sex-determining mechanisms. These have been broadly classified
as either genotypic sex determination (GSD) or environmental sex determination (ESD). This …

The review deals with features of sex determination in vertebrates. The mechanisms of sex
determination are compared between fishes, amphibians, reptilians, birds, and mammals …

The heterogametic sex is male in all mammals, whereas it is female in almost all birds. By
contrast, there are two heterogametic types (XX/XY and ZZ/ZW) for genetic sex …

Sex-determining mechanisms in reptiles can be divided into two convenient classifications:
genotypic (GSD) and environmental (ESD). While a number of types of GSD have been …

Sex in many organisms is a dichotomous phenotype—individuals are either male or female.
The molecular pathways underlying sex determination are governed by the genetic …

DAVID O. CONOVER of the offspring (Bull 1983). GSD occurs when sex is determined by
genotype at conception and is therefore independent of environmental conditions. TSD is a …

Publisher Summary The sex-determining mechanisms (SDMs) of reptiles are remarkably
diverse, ranging from systems that are under complete genetic control to those that are …

Birds, reptiles, amphibia and fish have an enormous variety of chromosomal sex
determination mechanisms that apparently do not follow any phylogenetic or taxonomic …

We review and discuss current knowledge about sex determination in amphibians. The
astonishing wide variety of mechanisms of genotypic sex determination is presented and …