Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic
ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The …

Wakefulness is a functional brain state that allows the performance of several" high brain
functions", such as diverse behavioural, cognitive and emotional activities. Present …

Recent advances in neural and behavioural pharmacology, and in intracellular recording
suggest that arousal during the awake state may be regulated by multiple, interdependent …

Wakefulness and consciousness depend on perturbation of the cortical soliloquy. Ascending
activation of the cerebral cortex is characteristic for both waking and paradoxical (REM) …

Multiple neuronal systems contribute to the promotion and maintenance of the wake state,
which is characterized by cortical activation and behavioral arousal. Using predominantly …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

Publisher Summary Since the demonstration of the presence and synthesis of acetylcholine
(ACh) in specific neuronal systems within the brain, a wealth of information concerning the …

Norepinephrine acts within select basal forebrain regions to modulate behavioral state
and/or state‐dependent processes, including the general regions encompassing the medial …

Through a highly divergent efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent …

Serotonergic (5-HT) cells in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) appear in topographically
organized groups. Based on cellular morphology, expression of other neurotransmitters …