The early steps of insulin biosynthesis occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the β-
cell has a highly developed and active ER. All cells regulate the capacity of their ER to fold …

Loss-of-function mutations in EIF2AK3, encoding the pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
kinase, PERK, are associated with dysfunction of the endocrine pancreas and diabetes …

To maintain copious insulin granule stores in the face of ongoing metabolic demand,
pancreatic beta cells must produce large quantities of proinsulin, the insulin precursor …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment responsible for multiple important
cellular functions including the biosynthesis and folding of newly synthesized proteins …

Overwhelming of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—referred to as “ER
stress”—activates a set of intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein …

Background Pancreatic β cell dysfunction and death are central in the pathogenesis of most
if not all forms of diabetes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying β cell …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from an autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β
cells. The incidence of T1D is on the rise globally around 3% to 5% per year and rapidly …

Pancreatic p-cells are strongly engagedin protein secretion and have highly developed
endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proper folding of polypeptide into a threedimensional structure …

The accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) attenuates protein
synthesis initiation through phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation …

Eukaryotic cells respond to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resulting from
insufficient protein folding capacity or altered ER homeostasis by activating the unfolded …