Exposure assessment is often considered the weakest link in risk assessment. It is important
for investigators to continue to utilize the full potential of biomarkers for chemicals whose …

Biomarkers of effects are molecular tools that can serve to identify changes or effects
occurring in the organism because of exposure to a given toxicant or stressor. The potential …

The toxicology of metals has been concerned in the past with effects that produced clinical
signs and symptoms. However, this view of metal toxicology has expanded in recent years …

Biomarkers are becoming increasingly important in toxicology and human health. Many
research groups are carrying out studies to develop biomarkers of exposure to chemicals …

Abstract Purpose of Review Biomarkers are commonly used in epidemiological studies to
assess metals and metalloid exposure and estimate internal dose, as they integrate multiple …

Laboratory-based assessments of the potentially damaging effects of trace metals in the
natural environment are difficult to validate. This is a consequence of the diverse factors …

An important approach to assessment of risk from environmental and occupational
exposures is biomonitoring which provides an estimate of the total dose absorbed and gives …

Metals are among the most prevalent substances released into the environment that have a
profound effect on living organisms. Chronic environmental exposures usually exert a …

There is a growing interest in biological markers of exposure to chemicals and in markers of
adverse health effects from such exposures. Reflecting this interest, a new journal …

Chemical form (ie, species) can influence metal toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics and
should be considered to improve human health risk assessment. Factors that influence …