The ocean has been shielding the earth from the worst effects of rapid climate change by
absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This absorption of CO 2 is driving …

The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the
effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global …

Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of the planet, yet a comprehensive
understanding of how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly …

Human activities are releasing gigatonnes of carbon to the Earth's atmosphere annually.
Direct consequences of cumulative post-industrial emissions include increasing global …

The 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) states with very high certainty that anthropogenic emissions have caused …

In the coming decades and centuries, the ocean's biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems
will become increasingly stressed by at least three independent factors. Rising …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Ocean warming, primarily resulting from the escalating levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leads to a rise in the temperature of the Earth's oceans. These gases act as …

The deep ocean absorbs vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, providing a critical buffer
to climate change but exposing vulnerable ecosystems to combined stresses of warming …

The oceans are taking up over one million tons of fossil CO 2 per hour, resulting in
increased p CO 2 and declining pH, leading to ocean acidification (OA). At the same time …