BACKGROUND Ever since Edward Tolman's proposal that comprehensive cognitive maps
underlie spatial navigation and, more generally, psychological functions, the question of …

The'cognitive map'hypothesis proposes that brain builds a unified representation of the
spatial environment to support memory and guide future action. Forty years of …

Since the first place cell was recorded and the cognitive-map theory was subsequently
formulated, investigation of spatial representation in the hippocampal formation has evolved …

Orienting in large-scale space depends on the interaction of environmental experience and
preconfigured, possibly innate, constructs. Place, head-direction, and grid cells in the …

More than three decades of research have demonstrated a role for hippocampal place cells
in representation of the spatial environment in the brain. New studies have shown that place …

Spatial learning and memory are important for navigation and formation of episodic
memories. The hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are key brain areas for …

The role of the hippocampus in spatial cognition is incontrovertible yet controversial. Place
cells, initially thought to be location-specifiers, turn out to respond promiscuously to a wide …

Grid cells with their rigid hexagonal firing fields are thought to provide an invariant metric to
the hippocampal cognitive map, yet environmental geometrical features have recently been …

Over the past four decades, research has revealed that cells in the hippocampal formation
provide an exquisitely detailed representation of an animal's current location and heading …

Flexible navigation relies on a cognitive map of space, thought to be implemented by
hippocampal place cells: neurons that exhibit location-specific firing. In connected …