An imbalance in goal-directed and habitual behavioral control is a hallmark of decision-
making–related disorders, including addiction. Although external globus pallidus (GPe) is …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) coordinates action-selection through GABAergic
projections throughout the basal ganglia. GPe arkypallidal (arky) neurons project exclusively …

Are neurons solely responsible for determining behavioral output, or can other brain cells
modulate behavior? In this issue of Cell, Nagai et al. demonstrate that striatal astrocytes …

Multiple loop circuits interconnect the basal ganglia and the frontal cortex, and each part of
the cortico-basal ganglia loops plays an essential role in neuronal computational processes …

GABA interneurons play a critical role in higher brain functions. Astrocytic glial cells interact
with synapses throughout the whole brain and are recognized as regulatory elements of …

An essential aspect of goal-directed action selection is differentiating between behaviors
that are more, or less, likely to be reinforced. Habits, by contrast, are stimulus-elicited …

Changes in astrocyte morphology are primarily attributed to the fine processes where
intimate connections with neurons form the tripartite synapse and participate in …

Basal ganglia (BG) circuits help guide and invigorate actions using predictions of future
rewards (values). Within the BG, the globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) may play an …

Glutamatergic dysregulation is known to contribute to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is responsible for the majority of glutamate …

Flexible behavior requires restraint of actions that are no longer appropriate. This behavioral
inhibition critically relies on frontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Within the basal ganglia, the …