In aquatic animals, hypoxia is associated with growth retardation, impaired immunity,
susceptibility to pathogens, oxidative stress, and mortality. However, the relative long-term …

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important parameter that affects the biology, physiology, and
immunology of aquatic animals. In recent decades, DO levels in the global oceans have …

After being exposed to environmental stimuli during early developmental stages, some
organisms may gain or weaken physiological regulating abilities, which would have long …

Marine invertebrates have evolved multiple responses to naturally variable environmental
oxygen, all aimed at either maintaining cellular oxygen homeostasis or limiting cellular …

Hypoxia was thought to inhibit immune responses, causing severe mortality to marine
organisms. The Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, is the most widely cultured abalone …

Ocean acidification (OA) resulting from the absorption of excess atmospheric CO 2 by the
ocean threatens the survival of marine calcareous organisms, including mollusks. This study …

Exposure of nearshore animals to hypoxic, low-pH waters upwelled from below the
continental shelf and advected near the coast may be stressful to marine organisms and …

This study investigated the oxidative stress and hemocyte responses of Pacific abalone
exposed to various water temperatures (4, 6, 8, and 10° C) and salinities (26, 30, and 34 …

Hypoxia is an increasing threat to aquatic ecosystems and its impact on economically and
ecologically important marine fish species needs to be studied. Especially, the …

Hypoxia is one of the major environmental problems limiting the healthy development of
intensive aquaculture. Marine benthic shellfish are encountering heightened problems …