The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a tightly regulated system that represents one of
the body's mechanisms for responding to acute and chronic stress. Prolonged stress and/or …

Stress can be defined as a state of threatened homeostasis or disharmony. An intricate
repertoire of physiologic and behavioral responses is mobilized under stressful situations …

The present review provides evidence for the relationship between chronic stress,
alterations in HPA activity, and obesity. Understanding these associations and its …

Introduction: In the human organism, a constant interplay exists between the stress system
[which includes the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the …

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of hyperglycemia. The disease exists in all
populations, but in developed societies, the prevalence has risen as the population ages …

Stress, defined as a state of threatened homeostasis, mobilizes a complex spectrum of
adaptive physiologic and behavioral responses that aim to re-establish the challenged body …

Obesity is an important risk factor for severe COVID-19 and, possibly, for breakthrough
SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated people. Novel findings highlight how SARS-CoV …

Metabolic diseases are prevalent in modern society and have reached pandemic
proportions. Metabolic diseases have systemic effects on the body and can lead to changes …

The activation of stress-related neuroendocrine systems helps to maintain homeostasis, but
excessive stress can damage body functions. We review current evidence from basic …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly heterogeneous disease regarding
severity, vulnerability to infection due to comorbidities, and treatment approaches. The …