Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria
have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the …

Infections have been the major cause of disease throughout the history of human
populations. With the introduction of antibiotics, it was thought that this problem should …

Increasing antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens has the potential to reduce
the efficacy of standard dosage regimens for many oral drugs. The goal of antimicrobial …

The continued evolution of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital and more recently in the
community threatens to seriously compromise our ability to treat serious infections. The …

Diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals are the outcome of complex
relationships between several dynamic factors, including bacterial pathogenicity, the fitness …

Antibiotic resistance is one of the major challenges facing modern medicine worldwide. The
past few decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the multiple factors …

Bacteria present in the human body are innocuous, providing beneficial functions, some of
which are necessary for correct body function. However, other bacteria are able to colonize …

In recent years, we have seen antimicrobial resistance rapidly emerge at a global scale and
spread from one country to the other faster than previously thought. Superbugs and …

Evolution of bacteria towards resistance to antimicrobial agents, including multidrug
resistance, is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution …

Introduction: The introduction of antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th-century
permitting the treatment of once incurable infections. Widespread use of antibiotics …