The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on
people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and …

The paper describes the development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale
(RBTSSS), a measure designed to assess the psychological and emotional stress reactions …

A conceptualization of racism‐related stress and its impact on well‐being is offered that
integrates existing theory and research on racism, multicultural mental health, and the stress …

Racial trauma, a form of race-based stress, refers to People of Color and Indigenous
individuals'(POCI) reactions to dangerous events and real or perceived experiences of racial …

Ex po sure to race-re lated ex pe ri ences, such as race-hate as sault and dis crim i nation,
are not rou tinely and sys tern at i cally ad dressed in as sess ment and treat ment in ter …

Race-based traumatic stress has been studied in the literature under various names
including but not limited to insidious trauma, intergenerational trauma, racist incident-based …

Even after being freed from slavery, Blacks in particular and people of Color in general
(Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans, and historically disenfranchised Americans) were …

Empirical evidence has accumulated over several decades that has documented the
psychological, physical, and emotional consequences of racism and racial discrimination …

Abstract Purpose of Review Racial trauma is a severe psychological response to the
cumulative traumatic effect of racism. This review synthesizes emerging theoretical and …

Considering the barriers to discussions of racism, we start by acknowledging our
appreciation for the feedback and insights of the editors of The Counseling Psychologist as …