Reynolds number (Re) for miniature insects is in the range of 80–10. Here, we study how the
aerodynamic forces change in this Re range when the flapping mode commonly used by …

In contrast to larger species, little is known about the flight of the smallest flying insects, such
as thrips and fairyflies. These tiny animals range from 300 to 1000 microns in length and fly …

Miniature insects fly at very low Reynolds number (Re); low Re means large viscous effect. If
flapping as larger insects, sufficient vertical force cannot be produced. We measure the wing …

Tiny flying insects of body lengths under 2 mm use the “clap-and-fling” mechanism with
bristled wings for lift augmentation and drag reduction at a chord-based Reynolds number …

Insect wings in flight typically deform under the combined aerodynamic force and wing
inertia; whichever is dominant depends on the mass ratio defined as m∗= ρ sh/(ρ fc)⁠ …

The unsteady aerodynamic forces of a model fruit fly wing in flapping motion were
investigated by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations. The flapping motion …

The effect of air viscosity on the flow around an insect wing increases as insect size
decreases. For the smallest insects (wing length of that by the real wing kinematics; ie they …

This paper presents a computational fluid–structure interaction analysis for free movements
with a flapping wing in a quiescent fluid. We demonstrated the moving velocity of a flapping …

Flapping wings are important in many biological and bioinspired systems. Here, we
investigate the fluid mechanics of flapping wings that possess a single flexible hinge …

The aerodynamics of flapping flight for the smallest insects such as thrips is often
characterized by a 'clap and fling'of the wings at the end of the upstroke and the beginning of …