Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will
they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is …

Research findings on addiction are contradictory. According to biographical records and
widely used diagnostic manuals, addicts use drugs compulsively, meaning that drug use is …

We review drug addiction from the perspective of the hypothesis that drugs of abuse interact
with distinct brain memory systems. We focus on emotional and procedural forms of memory …

In our target article, we proposed that addiction could be envisioned as misperformance of a
decision-making machinery described by two systems (deliberative and habit systems) …

Neuroleptic drugs disrupt the learning and performance of operant habits motivated by a
variety of positive reinforcers, including food, water, brain stimulation, intravenous opiates …

Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control
of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption …

Drug addiction is a psychiatric disorder based on a dysfunction of the brain. It frequently
develops from a controlled drug consumption and drug instrumentalization (DI). Thereby, DI …

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug intake, loss
of control over intake, and impairment in social and occupational function. Animal models …

Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects …

In standard drug self-administration settings, animals have no choice than drug use. As a
result, serious doubt exists about the interpretation of drug use in experimental animals. Is it …