Chronic autoimmune diseases, and in particular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), are
endowed with a long‐standing autoreactive B‐cell compartment that is presumed to …

The current concepts for development of autoreactive B cells in SLE (systemic lupus
erythematosus) focus on extrinsic stimuli and factors that provoke B cells into tolerance loss …

Autoantibodies clearly contribute to tissue inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus. In
order to therapeutically target B cells making pathogenic autoantibodies, it is necessary to …

IL-10 is a cytokine with pleiotropic functions, particularly known for its suppressive effects on
various immune cells. Consequently, it can limit the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases …

Excessive self-reactive and inadequate affinity-matured antigen-specific antibody responses
have been reported to coexist in lupus, with elusive cellular and molecular mechanisms …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells aid effector B cells, and augment autoimmunity, whereas the
role of Tfh cells on regulatory B (Breg) cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune
disease characterized by a breakdown of tolerance to self. The autoantibodies generated in …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary sites of clonal B cell expansion and affinity
maturation, directing the production of high-affinity antibodies. This response is a central …

In germinal centres, somatic hypermutation and B cell selection increase antibody affinity
and specificity for the immunizing antigen, but the generation of autoreactive B cells is an …

A majority of the antibodies expressed by nascent B cells in healthy humans are self-
reactive, but most of these antibodies are removed from the repertoire during B cell …