The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as components that recognize conserved
structures in pathogens has greatly advanced understanding of how the body senses …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family provide key components of mammalian immunity and are
part of the earliest surveillance mechanisms responding to infection. Their activation triggers …

Recognition of pathogens is mediated by a set of germline-encoded receptors that are
referred to as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors recognize conserved …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved innate receptors expressed in
various immune and non-immune cells of the mammalian host. TLRs play a crucial role in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an archetypal pattern recognition system. Their
sophisticated biology underpins the ability of innate immunity to discriminate between highly …

The innate immune response in vertebrates is the first line of defense against invading
microorganisms. The main players in innate immunity are phagocytes such as neutrophils …

During an infection, one of the principal challenges for the host is to detect the pathogen and
activate a rapid defensive response. The Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs), among other …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of effective innate immunity. As such,
pathogenic microorganisms must evade recognition by TLRs, manipulate the consequences …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are critical pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize
pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are conserved and specific …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a major class of pattern-recognition
receptors. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by TLRs, alone …