Background Sex differences in pain have been well documented; however, the mechanisms
involved remain to be elucidated. The present study examined whether sex differences exist …

Many chronic pain conditions are more frequent in women than in men. This observation
suggests that there is a potential role of sex hormones on pain perception. In the present …

Several factors have been proposed to account for the differences observed between men
and women in pain perception. One of these is female and male gonadal hormones. In order …

Many clinical and preclinical studies report higher prevalence and severity of chronic pain in
females. We used hyperalgesic priming with interleukin 6 (IL-6) priming and PGE 2 as a …

The aim of this study was to assess the possible mediation of endogenous opioids in the
effects of gonadal hormones on the responses to formalin pain. We studied the effects of …

Abstract Changes in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and γ-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the spinal cord are known to occur in response to …

The role of sex hormones on postsurgical pain perception is basically unclear. Here, we
studied the role of endogenous gonadal hormones for pain and hyperalgesia in human …

Sex differences in the analgesic effects of morphine have been previously reported in
various models that represent the sensory component of pain. However, pain sensation is a …

There is evidence that gonadal hormones may affect the perception of painful stimulation,
although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This investigation was undertaken to …

A crucial biochemical reaction in vertebrates is progesterone conversion into neuroactive
metabolites such as dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) and tetrahydroprogesterone (3α, 5α …