Symbiotic systems vary in the degree to which the partners are bound to each other 1. At
one extreme, there are intracellular endosymbionts in mutually obligate relationships with …

Endosymbioses between bacteria and eukaryotes are enormously important in ecology and
evolution, and as such are intensely studied. Despite this, the range of investigated hosts is …

Symbiosis is a diverse and complex phenomenon requiring diverse model systems. The
obligate relationship between a monophyletic group of Euplotes species (“clade B”) and the …

A monophyletic group of freshwater and brackish ciliate species belonging to the genus
Euplotes is known to harbor bacterial endosymbionts of the class Betaproteobacteria …

Protist-bacteria associations are extremely common. Among them, those involving ciliates of
the genus Euplotes are emerging as models for symbioses between prokaryotes and …

Endosymbiosis is a widespread and important phenomenon requiring diverse model
systems. Ciliates are a widespread group of protists that often form symbioses with diverse …

Summary The Polynucleobacter–Euplotes association is an obligatory symbiotic system
between a monophyletic group of ciliate species belonging to the genus Euplotes and …

The diversity of prokaryotic symbionts in Ciliophora and other protists is fascinatingly rich;
they may even include some potentially pathogenic bacteria. In this review, we summarize …

Abstract The Betaproteobacteria-Euplotes association is an obligatory symbiotic system
involving a monophyletic group of ciliate species and two betaproteobacteria species which …

Endosymbiosis plays an important role in ecology and evolution, but fundamental aspects of
the origin of intracellular symbionts remain unclear. The extreme age of many symbiotic …