Predation is a key organizing force in ecosystems. The threat of predation may act to
programme the endocrine hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis during development to …

A cardinal feature of the reaction to stress is the promotion of energy mobilization, enabling
appropriate behavioural responses. Predator odours are naturalistic and ecologically …

Perinatal stress mediated through the mother can lead to long-term alterations in stress-
related phenotypes in offspring. The capacity for adaptation to adversity in early life depends …

Predation risk can program offspring behavior, physiology, and fitness through maternal
effect, but most studies have mainly focused on this effect during pregnancy; little is known …

Maternal phenotypes can have long-term effects on offspring phenotypes. These maternal
effects may begin during gestation, when maternal glucocorticoid (GC) levels may affect …

Background Studies have shown that paternal stress prior to conception can influence the
innate behaviours of their offspring. The evolutionary impacts of such intergenerational …

Behavioural variation at the individual level has been shown to play an important role in
animal ecology and evolution. Whereas most studies have focused on subadult or adult …

Early-life environment can affect organisms for life on many levels. The glucocorticoid
receptor (GR) gene has a pivotal role mediating organismal physiological and behavioral …

Prenatal stress mediated through the mother can lead to long-term adaptations in stress-
related phenotypes in offspring. This study tested the long-lasting effect of prenatal exposure …

Elevated maternal glucocorticoid levels during gestation can lead to phenotypic changes in
offspring via maternal effects. Although such effects have traditionally been considered …